Potentially Toxic Element Levels in Atmospheric Particulates and Health Risk Estimation around Industrial Areas of Maros, Indonesia.

Air quality deterioration is a major environmental problem in Indonesia. This study evaluated the levels and health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Maros Regency, Indonesia. Total suspended particulate matter was collected from industrial areas for PTE (Al, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, As and Zn) analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Samples were collected from six critical areas in the Bantimurung region as that is where marble, cement and limestone industries are located. A calculation of the non-carcinogenic and cancer risks was performed to determine the potential health exposures in adults and children. A Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations and a sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify the risk probability and the most sensitive variable contributing to cancer risk from PTE exposure in humans. The results showed that the concentration of PTEs decreased in the order of Zn > Al > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > As in the wet season, and Zn > Al > Pb > As > Cr > Cu > Ni in the dry season. The hazard index (HI) value for children was 2.12, indicating a high non-carcinogenic risk for children. The total cancer risk (TCR) values in adults and children were 3.11 × 10-5 and 1.32 × 10-4, respectively, implying that both are at risk for developing cancer. The variables with the most contribution to cancer risk from As, Cr and Pb exposure in adults and children were As concentration (33.9% and 41.0%); exposure duration (ED) (34.3%) and SA (40.7%); and SA (98.7 % and 45.4%), respectively. These findings could be used as the scientific basis for public health intervention and to raise awareness of the harmful health effects of particulate bound PTEs.

Biomarkers of pneumonia disease in under five children in "grill culture".

OBJECTIVE: Based on data WHO in 2018, almost 802,200 cases of pneumonia occur in children. Indonesia data on Riskesdas in 2018, the increase in pneumonia with the prevalence of pneumonia based on the age group 1-4 years was 5.0. This study aims to obtain more information about biomarkers of the clinical assessment on patient cases and prevention management and then whether postpartum culture contributed to the increase in pneumonia. METHODS: The method used is a Literature review. Search for scientific articles collected through Scopus indexed journals through Science Direct, Pubmed, Elsevier, MDPI, WHO, Riskesdas, Google Scholar. RESULT: From the literature articles we read, it shows that the incidence of pneumonia increases from year to year and is the leading cause of death. So it needs prevention from use biomarkers as markers and examined the association of Grill Culture with pneumonia in children under five. CONCLUSION: The results of the biomarker examination are a marker of the case and prevention management will be carried out using existing cultural approaches.

Essential oil as a new tool for larvicidal Aedes aegypti: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to describe the effectiveness of essential oil plants for Aedes aegypti mosquito vector control. METHODS: This systematic review selection process following with 2015 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Guideline. The source of the articles from databases international journal were Scopus, Pubmed, Scinapse and Google Scholar. RESULT: Natural control management with essential oil is the way of alternative for larvicidal mosquito control especially A. aegypti. The essential oil for many plants can use for larvicidal against A. aegypti as Piper batle L., Tinospora rhumpii, Azadiractha indica, Persea americana, Piper aduncum, Leucas aspera, Eucaliptus camaldulensis, Ottonia anisum, Salvia Plebeian, Lantana camara, and Syzygium aromaticum with 100% mortality larvae A. aegypti at 48h. CONCLUSIONS: The vector borne diseases must be used to integrate vector management control with essential oils plants.

Community Health Risk Assessment of Total Suspended Particulates near a Cement Plant in Maros Regency, Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: Cement plants generate particulate matter (PM) across processes from raw material preparation to packaging. The presence of total suspended particulates (TSP) coming out of the stack causes a high accumulation of dust in residential areas. Human exposure to TSP could affect human health and wellbeing. OBJECTIVES: The present study aims to evaluate concentrations of TSP and to estimate the health risks of TSP exposure through the inhalation pathway in communities surrounding a private cement industry in Maros regency, Indonesia. METHODS: Total suspended particulates were collected using a high-volume air sampler (HVAS) at five locations. Samples were taken by grab sampling for 24 hours. The SCREEN3 program was used to view the maximum range and distribution of pollutants based on the geographical, stack profiles and meteorological factors in the study area. Hazard quotient (HQ) was used to estimate non-carcinogenic risks of TSP in surrounding communities. RESULTS: Total suspended particulate concentrations were measured with a maximum value of 133.24 µg/m3 and a minimum value of 18.48 µg/m3. This maximum value exceeds the minimum acceptable level from Canadian National Ambient Air Quality Objectives (C-NAAQOs). The non-carcinogenic risks from the inhalation pathway were low except for location 3 (HQ>1) across all locations. CONCLUSIONS: The cement plant may significantly contribute to total TSP concentrations in air and may potentially have adverse effects on human health. Communities near the cement plant are vulnerable to TSP exposure and measures are needed to reduce TSP in Maros regency, Indonesia. PARTICIPANT CONSENT: Obtained. ETHICS APPROVAL: This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Hasanuddin University with protocol number 28920093022. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Ecological risk assessment of hexavalent chromium and silicon dioxide in well water in Maros Regency, Indonesia.

OBJECTIVE: This paper assesses the potential ecological risk of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and silicon dioxide/silica (SiO2) in well water. Both of pollutants have been classified as carcinogenic compound. The ecological risk assessment of drinking water is an effective tool to evaluate drinking water quality to reduce further risk. METHOD: Fourteen well water samples were collected around the residential area near cement industrial activity and karst mining area. Estimating the ecological risk of well water which consumed daily evaluated based on Hazard Quotient (HQ) ratio. RESULTS: The mean values of Cr(VI) and SiO2 in well water samples were 0.0017mg/L and 12.94mg/L, respectively. Drinking water in this area are unacceptable. HQ values for SiO2 at all stations are more than 1 (moderate level). CONCLUSIONS: Cr(VI) and SiO2 are discoverable within well water surrounding the research location. This finding is used as scientific data and references for ecological protection of drinking water in Maros.

Ecological risk assessment of hexavalent chromium and silicon dioxide in well water in Maros Regency, Indonesia

Objective: This paper assesses the potential ecological risk of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and silicon dioxide/silica (SiO2) in well water. Both of pollutants have been classified as carcinogenic compound. The ecological risk assessment of drinking water is an effective tool to evaluate drinking water quality to reduce further risk. Method: Fourteen well water samples were collected around the residential area near cement industrial activity and karst mining area. Estimating the ecological risk of well water which consumed daily evaluated based on Hazard Quotient (HQ) ratio. Results: The mean values of Cr(VI) and SiO2 in well water samples were 0.0017 mg/L and 12.94 mg/L, respectively. Drinking water in this area are unacceptable. HQ values for SiO2 at all stations are more than 1 (moderate level). Conclusions: Cr(VI) and SiO2 are discoverable within well water surrounding the research location. This finding is used as scientific data and references for ecological protection of drinking water in Maros. (AU)

Biomarkers of pneumonia disease in under five children in “grill culture”

Objective: Based on data WHO in 2018, almost 802,200 cases of pneumonia occur in children. Indonesia data on Riskesdas in 2018, the increase in pneumonia with the prevalence of pneumonia based on the age group 1–4 years was 5.0. This study aims to obtain more information about biomarkers of the clinical assessment on patient cases and prevention management and then whether postpartum culture contributed to the increase in pneumonia. Methods: The method used is a Literature review. Search for scientific articles collected through Scopus indexed journals through Science Direct, Pubmed, Elsevier, MDPI, WHO, Riskesdas, Google Scholar. Result: From the literature articles we read, it shows that the incidence of pneumonia increases from year to year and is the leading cause of death. So it needs prevention from use biomarkers as markers and examined the association of Grill Culture with pneumonia in children under five. Conclusion: The results of the biomarker examination are a marker of the case and prevention management will be carried out using existing cultural approaches. (AU)

Essential oil as a new tool for larvicidal Aedes aegypti: A systematic review

Objective: The study aimed to describe the effectiveness of essential oil plants for Aedes aegypti mosquito vector control. Methods: This systematic review selection process following with 2015 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Guideline. The source of the articles from databases international journal were Scopus, Pubmed, Scinapse and Google Scholar. Result: Natural control management with essential oil is the way of alternative for larvicidal mosquito control especially A. aegypti. The essential oil for many plants can use for larvicidal against A. aegypti as Piper batle L., Tinospora rhumpii, Azadiractha indica, Persea americana, Piper aduncum, Leucas aspera, Eucaliptus camaldulensis, Ottonia anisum, Salvia Plebeian, Lantana camara, and Syzygium aromaticum with 100% mortality larvae A. aegypti at 48 h. Conclusions: The vector borne diseases must be used to integrate vector management control with essential oils plants. (AU)

The relationship of mercury exposure with neurological problems in artisanal gold in Makassar city.

Objectives This research aims to analyse the relationship between urine mercury levels and neurological problems. Methods This research is an observational study with a cross-sectional approach. There are 44 goldsmiths in the gold jewellery small scale industry involved in this study. Urine mercury levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Neurological problems were assessed by a medician. Data collected includes age, time of exposure, work duration, smoking behaviour and nutrition status of the goldsmiths which were obtained by interview. Results The results showed that the concentration of mercury in the goldsmith's urine was around 0.93-64.59 µg/L. The analysis showed that there were 63% of goldsmiths experiencing neurological problems, such as tremors (9.1%) and knee pass reflex (6.8%). The bivariate analysis showed that there is no significant relationship between the concentration of mercury (p=0.133), age (p=0.155), time of exposure (p=0.702), time of working (p=0.354), smoking behaviour (p=0.169) and nutrition status (p=0.541) with neurological problems. Conclusions The goldsmiths who had high levels of mercury in urine samples were diagnosed with at least one of the neurological symptoms. It is recommended that the goldsmith use personal protective equipment during work such as mask, glasses and gloves.

In vitro evaluation of Moringa oleifera gum for colon-specific drug delivery.

BACKGROUND: Moringa gum obtained from stem of the plant Moringa oleifera Lam. belonging to family Moringaceae. Number of naturally occurring polysaccharides obtained from plant (guar gum, inulin), animal (chitosan, chondrotin sulphate), algal (alginates) or microbial (dextran) origin. OBJECTIVE: The present study was evaluated Moringa oleifera gum as a carrier for colon specific drug delivery using in vitro drug release studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six formulations of curcumin were prepared using varying concentration of Moringa oleifera gum containing 50 mg curcumin by wet granulation method. Tablets were subjected for evaluation by studying the parameter like hardness, friability, drug content uniformity and in vitro drug release study. Hardness was found to be in the range of 5.5 to 7.3 kg/cm(2), the percentage friability was in the range of 0.60 to 0.89%, and tablet showed 98.99% to 99.89% of the labeled amount of curcumin indicating uniformity in drug content. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In vitro drug release study was performed using simulated stomach, intestinal and colonic fluid. The susceptibility of Moringa gum to colonic bacteria was also assessed using drug release study with rat caecal contents. 30% Moringa gum containing formulation (F-3) was shown better drug released that is 90.46%, at the end of 24 h of dissolution study in the presence of rat caecal contents in comparison to 40% Moringa gum containing formulation (F-4) that was 78.03%. CONCLUSION: The results illustrate the usefulness of Moringa olefera gum as a potential carrier for colon-specific drug delivery.

Colon targeted curcumin delivery using guar gum.

Curcumin is used in the treatment of colon cancer, but its very poor absorption in the upper part of the GIT is a major concern. As a site for drug delivery, the colon offers a near neutral pH, reduced digestive enzymatic activity, a long transit time and an increased responsiveness to absorption enhancers. The aim of the present study was to identify a suitable polymer (guar gum) based matrix tablet for curcumin with sufficient mechanical strength and promising in vitro mouth-to-colon release profile. Three formulations of curcumin were prepared using varying concentrations of guar gum containing 50 mg curcumin by the wet granulation method. Tablets were subjected to evaluation by studying parameter like hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, and in-vitro drug release. In vitro drug release was evaluated using simulated stomach, intestinal and colonic fluids. The susceptibility of guar gum to colonic bacteria was also assessed by a drug release study with rat caecal contents. The 40% guar gum containing formulation (F-1) showed better drug release (91.1%) after 24 hours in the presence of rat caecal contents in comparison with the 50% guar gum containing formulation (F-2) (82.1%). Curcumin could, thus, be positively delivered to the colon for effective colon cancer treatment using guar gum.